![]() ![]() The large-scale maps permit the naming of the minor features like streams, hilltops, ridges, etc. The geographic names are among the most troublesome parts of map nomenclature. The nomenclature of maps has various parts. However, for the small-scale maps, only the important features and places are labelled, to enhance legibility. To enhance the utility of maps, all the possible features and places are identified and labelled on a map. Planimetric features are used to represent the slopes, heights, and shapes of the land, on a map. This is the standard use of colours, but there may be variations for geologic and soil maps. These symbols can also be grouped based on conventional colours.įor example, the blue colour is used to represent water bodies, black colour is used to represent occupation, cultures, and names of population, green colour is used to depict vegetation, brown colour is used to depict relief features, and red colour is used to depict types of roads and other special information. The symbols can be classified as hypsographic and planimetric. It helped to reduce the confusion that used to arise in the interpretation of maps. Standardization of symbols has been brought about by the joint efforts of the UN, NATO, International Map of the World agreements, and the international technical societies. The symbols were originally ordinary pictograms, which have now developed into conventional signs and symbols for the representation and interpretation of maps. It may be said that symbols make a graphical language for maps and charts. ![]() Symbols are the graphical representations of landforms, water bodies, winds, ocean currents, settlements, transport, and communication systems for maps. The navigators use these charts to lay a track between two ports and calculate the shortest distance between the ports. For example, the navigational chart for the Pacific Ocean. The Great Circle charts that represent large map areas are generally depicted on quite small scales devising gnomonic projection. The charts for the polar regions and the great circle charts do not devise the ordinary Mercator projections. In general, the Mercator projection is devised on the navigational charts. The only way to reduce the distortions is to devise the most suitable for the purpose of the particular map. It is not possible to completely avoid distortions of shapes of land areas on large-scale maps. In certain cases, the outlined shape of very small regions is nearly represented in the same way on the map as it is on the ground. Also, projections that have the feature of conformal delineations are devised to represent the landforms on maps. There are certain map projections that have equal-area properties. Various map projections are used to represent the landforms on maps. Map projections are used to draw the parallels and meridians of the Earth systematically, on a flat surface. In topographic maps, various colours are used to represent the contour of landforms, water bodies, settlements. For example, the topographic maps help to understand the contour and general landforms of an area and most have the scale stated in representative fraction. Out of these three, the representative fraction is the most commonly used scale. There are 3 ways of representing the scale of a map, namely, representative fraction, verbal, and graphic. In the bar scales used in maps, the distance ratio is expressed visually whereas, in lexical scales, the ratio is stated in words. The basic type of representation of actual distance on maps is done by bar scales and lexical scales. The types of map scale representations are discussed below. As per the common classification of maps, there are about five types of maps - thematic maps, general maps, navigation charts, topographic maps, series maps, cadastral, and plans. To understand what a map scale is, let us go through a few classifications of maps and map scales first. For example, if a map is drawn to a scale of one inch to one kilometre, it would mean that one inch on the map is equivalent to one kilometre on the ground. The scale represents how much the area on the map corresponds to the actual area on the ground that it shows. Scales are always mentioned on the maps so that whoever looks at them can get an idea of how to navigate through them. This is what it means when it is said that maps are drawn to scale. ![]() This would defeat the purpose of having a map in the first place. ![]() This means that on a map it is not possible to denote the actual distances between objects or their sizes since then the map would need to be as big as the objects being measured. Map scales are useful to understand the sizes of objects and distances between objects (their relative sizes) in comparison to the actual sizes of objects and distances between them. ![]()
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